Super-sized Projects

Engineers are now taking on gigantic projects that dwarf all previous efforts. This requires careful calculations of stresses and loads, before beginning construction.

Beyond that, there are big new problems. Like how to erect an enormous stature, or stretch cables across a river half-a-mile wide.
Engineering Marvels, 1890

  Engineering Marvels
Everywhere one looks, technology is erecting bigger and more impressive structures

Brooklyn Bridge, 1890

  Brooklyn Bridge
This drawing illustrates the submerged, pressurized chamber needed by workers who prepare foundations for the stone towers that support the bridge, which rest on the riverbed. Waste is hauled up and dumped into barges, after which the tower itself rises stone by stone, using cranes which also rise, as the construction continues


Statue of Liberty, 1890

  Statue of Liberty
The magnificent statue is made of sheets of copper, formed to shape in France, shipped to America, and then riveted together. Visitors reach the viewing platform by climbing a spiral staircase rising up the center of the supporting structure. An elevator was added in the 1930s.


Hydro Power, Minneapolis, 1890

  Hydro Power, Minneapolis
The great falls which power America's biggest industrial flour-milling complex keeps receding upstream ... until the Corps of Engineers is brought in to stabilize the situation


Machine-made Lace, 1890

  Machine-made Lace
Fantastically complicated designs are child's play for lace-making equipment, which is controlled by a series of cards with holes that manage the looms, and appear almost identical to the punch cards used by early IBM mainframe computers


Knitting Machines, 1890

  Knitting Machines
The much smaller circular looms that produce tubular knitted fabrics are nearly as complicated, and widely used to produce socks and long underwear